BCI_MI_SM_2026Brain-Computer Interface for Upper Limb Motor Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis

This clinical trial focuses on evaluating a wearable brain-computer interface (BCI) system that uses motor imagery (MI) to support upper limb rehabilitation in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The main aim is to understand if this BCI system can enhance the voluntary control of brain signals during MI tasks in MS patients. Additionally, the study seeks to determine if this system is user-friendly, acceptable, and suitable for remote rehabilitation. The trial is particularly important as it could pave the way for new methods to improve motor function in individuals with MS. Participants in this study will either receive BCI-based neurofeedback plus conventional motor therapy or only standard rehabilitation. Those in the experimental group will attend 24 neurofeedback sessions over 12 weeks, performing EEG-based motor imagery tasks with visual and haptic feedback in immersive extended reality. All participants will complete evaluations at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 1-month post-treatment, which include assessments of motor imagery ability, manual dexterity, perceived fatigue, and system usability. The primary outcome is to measure the improvement in the modulation of brain signals during MI tasks.