Hemodynamic Changes Study During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

This study focuses on patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, a common and less invasive surgery to remove the gallbladder. During this procedure, carbon dioxide (CO₂) is used to inflate the abdomen, creating space for the surgery by increasing intra-abdominal pressure. The study aims to understand how different levels of this pressure affect the body's heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen levels, breathing rate, and carbon dioxide levels. This is important because finding the optimal pressure level could improve patient safety and recovery by minimizing potential negative effects on the heart and lungs. Participants in this study will undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia, with different groups experiencing varying levels of intra-abdominal pressure: low (8-10 mmHg), medium (12-14 mmHg), and high (15-20 mmHg). The researchers will monitor and measure changes in heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and end-tidal CO₂— a measure of the carbon dioxide released at the end of an exhaled breath. Data will be collected through self-administered questionnaires, allowing for an assessment of the physiological changes associated with each pressure level. This approach helps identify the safest and most effective pressure settings for such surgeries.