SNOWFALLYoghurt Effects on Glucose Metabolism in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes

Yoghurt

Milk

Change in FPG [mmol/L]

Change in 2-h post load Glucose Area Under the Curve (AUC) [mmol/L· min] measured during 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

Change in Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) calculated as fasting serum insulin (FSI) levels (mU/L) multiplied by fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (mmol/L) divided by 22.5.

Change in Waist Circumference [cm]

Change in Visceral Adipose Tissue mass [g] as measured by BIA [g]

Change in Fat Free Mass as measured by BIA [kg]

Change in fasting plasma Glycated Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) [%]

Change in Fat Mass as measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) [kg]

Change in Fat Mass Percentage as measured by BIA (%)

Change in Body Weight [kg]

Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) [kg/m²] as calculated by body weight (kg) divided by square of height (m)

Change in FPG levels [mmol/L]

Change in Glucose tolerance as measured by plasma glucose at 30-, 60-, and 120-min post load during 2-hour OGTT [mmol/L]

Change in plasma Alanine Aminotransferase (ALAT) [U/L])

Change in plasma Aspartate Aminotransferase (ASAT) [U/L])

Change in Fibrosis 4 index (FIB-4) calculated as (Age (years) x ASAT (U/L) / (Platelets (109/L) x square root of ALAT (U/L)))

Change in Energy intake from 3 non-consecutives days of 24-h dietary recalls [kcal/day]

Change in macronutrients intake from 3 non-consecutives days of 24-h dietary recalls [g/day]

Change in physical activity energy expenditure score as measured by Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire (Metabolic Equivalent of Task hours/day)

Change in Gut microbiota composition as measured by fecal microbial alpha-diversity, beta diversity and taxa abundances using metagenomic approach

Change in Gut microbiota function as measured by fecal microbial pathways abundances using metagenomic approach

Change in Insulin secretion as measured by serum insulin at 30-, 60-, and 120-min post load during 2-hour OGTT [mU/L]

Change in FSI levels [mU/L]

Change in HOMA-IR calculated as FSI (mU/L) multiplied by FPG, (mmol/L) divided by 22.5

Change in β-cell function as measured by Homeostatic Model Assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) calculated as follows: 20 x FSI levels (mU/L) divided by FPG levels (mmol/L) subtracted by 3.5

Change in β-cell response as measured by Insulinogenic index (IGI), calculated from the OGTT as delta serum insulin (0-30 min) (µU/mL) divided by delta plasma glucose (0-30 min) (mg/dL)

Change in whole-body insulin sensitivity as measured by Matsuda index, calculated from the OGTT as follows: (10,000/square root of (FPG (mg/dL) x FSI (mU/L)) x (mean plasma glucose (mg/dL) x mean serum insulin (mU/L) during OGTT])

Change in Disposition Index (DI), a composite marker of first phase insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity calculated from the OGTT as follows: Matsuda index * [AUC30min serum insulin (pmol/L) / AUC30min plasma glucose (mmol/L)], where AUC30min is the

Change in Muscle Insulin Sensitivity Index (MISI), calculated from the OGTT as the slope of the least square fit to the decline in plasma glucose concentration (mmol/L) from peak to nadir divided by the mean serum insulin (pmol/L) during OGTT

Change in Hepatic Insulin Resistance Index (HIRI) calculated from the OGTT as follows: the product of the plasma glucose (mmol/L) area under the curve and serum insulin (pmol/L) area under the curve during the first 30min of the OGTT

Change in fasting circulating concentrations of alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA), alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid (HIVA) and alpha-hydroxy-beta-methylvaleric acid (HMVA) (μmol/L)

Change in fasting serum Total Cholesterol (TC) [mmol/L]

Change in fasting serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) [mmol/L]

Change in fasting serum Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) [mmol/L]

Change in fasting serum Triglycerides (TG) [mmol/L]