Evaluation of Yoga for Substance Use Risk Factors in a School Setting

Yoga during physical education

Change in self-reported mood as measured by the 24-item Brunel University Mood Scale (BRUMS, total and 6 sub-scales)

Change in self-reported stress levels as measured by the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)

Change in self-reported impulsive behavior as measured by the 59-item Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, and Sensation Seeking Plus (UPPS-P) Impulsive Behavior scale (4 sub-scales)

Change in self-reported anger coping, problem solving, situation redefinition, impatience, and self-criticism as measured by the Wills Coping Inventory (5 sub-scales)

Change in self-reported soothability, planfulness, and distractibility as measured by the Kendall-Wilcox Self-Control Schedule (3 sub-scales).

Change in self-reported anger control and anger rumination as measured by the Children's Anger Management Scale (2 sub-scales)

Change in self-reported sadness control and sadness rumination as measured by the Children's Sadness Management Scale (CSMS) (2 sub-scales)

Change in self-reported affective lability as measured by the Affective Lability Scale (originally 54 items, adapted to 10 items)

Change in self-reported positive self-reinforcement as measured by the 8-item Heiby Self-Reinforcement Inventory

Change in self-reported present and future time perspective as measured by the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (2 sub-scales)

Change in self-reported impulsiveness as measured by the Eysenck Impulsiveness Questionnaire (EIQ) (1 subscale)

Change in self-reported substance use as measured by the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) (4 subscales)

Change in self-reported substance use willingness as measured by the 13-item Substance Use Willingness Questionnaire