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This randomized study will assess the efficacy and safety of the combination of Pivanex and docetaxel compared to docetaxel alone in patients with a type of lung cancer called non-small cell lung cancer. Pivanex is an investigational agent, and docetaxel is an approved drug. Rationale: Pivanex is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that induces tumor differentiation and/or apoptosis. Pivanex has been well tolerated in clinical trials and has shown preliminary evidence of efficacy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Docetaxel is an approved drug for second-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Preclinical studies indicate that the combination of Pivanex and docetaxel is synergistic. Purpose: This open-label randomized trial will evaluate whether combination therapy with Pivanex and docetaxel provides clinical benefit over docetaxel alone in patients with chemotherapy resistant non-small cell lung cancer. Objectives: * Compare the survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with combination therapy with Pivanex and docetaxel vs. docetaxel alone * Compare the time to disease progression, tumor responses, and safety profile of patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with combination therapy with Pivanex and docetaxel vs. docetaxel alone Outline: This is a randomized, open-label, multicenter study in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who have previously been treated with no more than one prior platinum containing chemotherapy regimen. Patients are stratified by ECOG performance status (0-1 vs. 2), response to prior platinum based chemotherapy (progression vs. CR/PR/SD) and prior taxane therapy (yes vs. no). Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms. * Arm A: Patients receive the combination of Pivanex intravenously on Days 1-3 and docetaxel intravenously on Day 4. Treatment repeats every 21 days until disease progression or treatment withdrawal. * Arm B: Patients receive docetaxel intravenously on Day 1. Treatment repeats every 21 days until disease progression or treatment withdrawal.
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