Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Ascorbic Acid in Healthy Human Subjects

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate) is an essential water soluble vitamin. Our studies at NIH were the first to demonstrate in healthy men and women how changes in a vitamin concentration in human plasma vary as a direct function of the amount ingested, over a wide range. ln the present study, we plan to achieve a prescorbutic vitamin C plasma concentration of approximately 5-10 micromolar in healthy human volunteers. We will gradually replete these subjects with incremental doses of vitamin C to measure how their plasma, red blood cell, and leukocyte concentrations will change as a function of the dose. We will also determine whether changes in vitamin C concentration result in changes in gene expression and metabolic profiles (metabolomics, lipidomics, proteomics). Outpatient subjects will be encouraged to consume vitamin C in foods. As inpatients, vitamin C deficiency will be induced by placing subjects on a tightly restricted scorbutic diet. Plasma vitamin C will be monitored several times per week. When subjects have achieved a plasma ascorbate concentration of 5-10 micromolar, blood sampling and urine collection over 24 hours will be performed. After platelets and leukocytes are collected, ascorbate repletion will begin. Escalating doses of ascorbate will be administered orally and intravenously for the remainder of their inpatient admission. Total daily doses of 30mg, 60mg, 100mg, 200mg, 400mg, 1000mg and 2500mg will be given in two divided doses. Bioavailability of ascorbate will be determined at each dosage increment. When plasma ascorbate concentration reaches steady state for each dose, subjects will undergo 36 hr plasma sampling and a timed 48 hr urine collection. At steady state of each of 4 to 5 doses, an apheresis procedure will be performed for collection of platelets and leukocytes. lt is anticipated subjects will be discharged in healthy condition after 20-26 weeks.