Cerebral Biomarkers of Cognitive Decrements in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome using Functional MRI

Study start date: May 1, 2012

Inclusion criteria: Subjects aged 40-75 years Subjects enrolled in the existing 'Maastricht Study' (M-Study) Subjects gave written consent to be approached for additional research Subjects belongs to the 20% of the worst and 20% of the best performing (as based on neuropsychological cognitive testing (Stroop color-word test, 15 word learning test, and Delayed recall and recognition 15 word learning test) Individuals Diabetes type 2: - Fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l, after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/l or used oral glucose-lowering medication or insulin Metabolic syndrome: Participants should meet three out of 5 of the following criteria [8]: Waist circumference > 88 cm (women), > 102 cm (men) Triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol/l HDL cholesterol < 1.3 mmol/l (women), < 1.0 mmol/l (men) Blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg (or medication) Fasting blood glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/l, after an OGTT blood glucose ≥ 7.8 mmol/l Control participants: Those who fulfilled no more than 1 criterium of the metabolic syndrome, no DM2. Exclusion criteria: Contra-indications for MRI examination (e.g. pacemaker; neurostimulator; medication pump; cochlear or hearing implant; tattoos or other items that cannot be removed and include metal parts (for instance from operations in the past); metal splinter in the eye; pregnancy and claustrophobia; brain vessel clamps; denture, which contains magnets). Psychiatric co-morbidity and inability to perform the functional MRI tests. Incomplete cognitive assessment data Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) Subjects who are not belonging to the 20% of the worst and 20% of the best performing individuals (as based on neuropsychological cognitive testing (Stroop color-word test, 15 word learning test, and Delayed recall and recognition 15 word learning test). Last visit of the subjects to the M-Study should be less than one year