Lactation Among Buprenorphine Maintained Women: A Pilot Study

This study recruits participants from a funded trial evaluating fetal neurobehavior and maternal physiology among a population of opioid dependent and buprenorphine maintained pregnant women. Those women electing to breastfeed will be approached for participation in this study at 36 weeks of gestation. Study Procedures Study participants will have urine toxicology testing for the following drug classes/cut off values: cocaine/300 ng/mL; methamphetamines/1000ng/mL; methadone/300ng/mL; MDMA/500 ng/mL; MOP/300 ng/mL; oxycodone/100 ng/mL; PCP/25 ng/mL; benzodiazepines/300ng/mL; buprenorphine/10 ng/mL; marijuana/50ng/mL weekly as part of study procedures in addition to weekly random urine toxicology screening provided at CAP for the study period of 36 weeks until delivery. To ensure that participants are not using illicit substances or abusing licit substances and are candidates for the institution and continuation of breastfeeding, subjects will continue to provide urine toxicology testing as above for the period of time from delivery to day 30 postpartum. Subjects noted to be doing so will be discharged from the protocol and referred to their substance abuse treatment counselor for appropriate consequences. Data collection protocol: Upon delivery, the nursing staff at the hospital of delivery will contact study staff for initiation of study procedures. Women will have plasma and breast milk samples obtained by study personnel on days 2, 3, 4, 14 and 30 at times of peak (2 ½ hours after sublingual dosing) maternal buprenorphine levels. Infant weight will be collected on these days. Days of data collection will be determined by the, 2nd, 3rd, 4th 24 hour periods after birth of the infant. The 14th, and 30th day data collections will occur on the weekday nearest the 24 hour period on those days. Infant NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale scores on days 3, 14 and 30 and infant NAS scores as below are collected as part of the parent protocol and data abstracted for this protocol. Maternal plasma: Using 3mL vacutainer green-top collection tubes, 3 cc of blood will be collected via venupuncture by one of two study RNs, one responsible for inpatient specimen collection (i.e. while the mother and infant are hospitalized after delivery) and one responsible for outpatient specimen collection (after hospital discharge). Blood samples will be collected on ice and within two hours, cold centrifuged to harvest the plasma. Plasma will be stored in polypropylene tubes and stored at -20°C. Plasma will be collected at times of peak maternal buprenorphine levels on days 2, 3, 4, 14 (approximately) and 30 (approximately) after infant delivery. Breast milk: Breast milk samples will be collected after the infant has completed feeding from the same breast via electric pump and consist of approximately 5 cc of breast milk at time of peak maternal buprenorphine levels on days 2,3,4, 14 and 30 after infant delivery. Breast milk will be stored at -20°C within two hours of collection. Analysis of breast milk and plasma samples: Plasma and breast milk samples will be analyzed by the Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section of the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health in Baltimore, Maryland under the direction of Dr. Marilyn A. Huestis. Infant plasma: 1cc of infant blood will be taken by heel stick on the weekday nearest day 14 of life. The 14 day blood sample will be coincident with a routine infant blood test (PKU testing) when possible. Blood samples will be collected on ice and within two hours, cold centrifuged to remove plasma. Plasma will be stored in polypropylene tubes and stored at -20°C until analysis. Other infant data: Infant weight will be obtained at each data collection point (i.e. days 2,3,4, 14 and 30). Other maternal data: Maternal compliance to drug treatment will be abstracted from daily treatment records. Poor compliance to treatment will be determined on an individual basis via discussion with the subject's counselor, but in general compliance will be determined by attendance to daily therapy at CAP with no unexcused or unexplained absence from treatment in the 30 days subsequent to delivery.