Comparison of Topical Vasoconstriction in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Cocaine Versus Adrenaline

Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common chronic illnesses in North America, with an incidence of approximately 13 per cent in the US. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has become standard treatment for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) unresponsive to maximum medical treatment. The success of surgery depends on several factors, an adequate surgical field is among the most important factors in preventing complications in ESS. Topical vasoconstrictors, such as adrenaline and cocaine has been widely used. To date no studies exist comparing the use of topical cocaine with adrenaline in ESS. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of topical cocaine 4% versus adrenaline on intra-operative bleeding during ESS and to describe the phisiologic changes with the use of topical vasocontrictors. A secondary objective is to describe the phisiologic changes with the use of topical vasocontrictors Study Design: A prospective randomized single-blind controlled trial will be conducted. The surgeon performing the ESS and evaluating the bleeding will not be present at the time of injection, and so will remain blinded. All patients over the age of 18 years undergoing bilateral ESS for chronic sinusitis at McGill University Health Center will be invited to participate. The study will be conducted from November 2012 until the number required of patients is enrolled. Topical vasoconstriction technique After oral intubation, vital signs and all anaesthetic parameters will be kept as constant as possible for the duration of the surgery. Three cotton neuropatties will be soaked with 4% cocaine. One neuropattie will be placed in the sphenoethmoidal recess, one in the middle meatus, and one in the anterior end of the middle turbinates on the side that the randomization has determined. In the other side, three cotton neuropaties will be soaked with adrenaline 1:1000 and placed in the same positions than the others. Then the patient will be draped and both sides will be injected with xylocaine 2% and adrenaline 1:100.000. After this we will wait for 10 minutes and the surgery will be initiated. At the commencement of surgery and at regular 15-minute intervals, the operating surgeon will estimate the intensity of bleeding in the operative field. The extent of nasal bleeding will be evaluated according to the validated scale used by Boezaart. At each assessment, other parameters including mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, and end tidal CO2 will be recorded into a chart by the co-investigator. The total blood loss will be collected and recorded separately for each side. Separate suction tubes and canisters will be used for each side. The total blood loss will be measured by subtracting the amount of saline solution used to rinse the surgical field from the amount of blood and fluids suctioned from the surgical field. Although this method of estimating the intra operative blood loss is not flawless as some blood and fluids usually fall posteriorly into the nasopharynx and are later suctioned by the anesthesiologist prior to extubation, this amount is deemed to be negligible. Proposed data analysis: The data will be collected by the co-investigator. Patient names and other specific identifiers will not be included. Data will be entered into an Excel spreadsheet and statistical analysis will be applied with SPSS vs.13.